359 lines
8 KiB
Markdown
359 lines
8 KiB
Markdown
# Docker Build Performance Optimizations
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This document explains the performance optimizations implemented in the Dockerfile to significantly speed up build times.
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## Overview
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The Dockerfile has been optimized using several strategies that can reduce build times by **50-80%** on subsequent builds:
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1. **BuildKit Cache Mounts** - Persistent pnpm store across builds
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2. **Layer Optimization** - Fewer, more efficient layers
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3. **Parallel Builds** - BuildKit's improved build parallelization
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4. **Smart Context** - .dockerignore excludes unnecessary files
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## Key Optimizations
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### 1. BuildKit Syntax (`# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4`)
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The Dockerfile starts with the BuildKit syntax directive, enabling advanced features:
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```dockerfile
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# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
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```
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**Benefits:**
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- Access to cache mounts
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- Improved build parallelization
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- Better layer caching
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- Parallel stage execution
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### 2. Cache Mounts for pnpm Store
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The most significant optimization - pnpm's package store is cached between builds:
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```dockerfile
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RUN --mount=type=cache,id=pnpm,target=/root/.local/share/pnpm/store \
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pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
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```
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**Before:**
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- Every build downloads all packages from npm registry (~2-5 minutes)
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- No sharing of packages between builds
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**After:**
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- First build: Downloads packages (~2-5 minutes)
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- Subsequent builds: Uses cached packages (~10-30 seconds)
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- **Speedup: 80-90% faster on dependency installation**
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The cache mount is used in three stages:
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- `deps` stage (all dependencies)
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- `prod-deps` stage (production only)
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- `final` stage (filtered production dependencies)
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### 3. Reduced Layers
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Combined multiple `RUN` commands to reduce layers:
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**Before:**
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```dockerfile
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RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs
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RUN adduser -S nodejs -u 1001
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```
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**After:**
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```dockerfile
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RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \
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adduser -S nodejs -u 1001
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```
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**Benefits:**
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- Fewer layers = faster builds
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- Smaller image size
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- Better cache efficiency
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### 4. Multi-Stage Build
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The Dockerfile uses multiple stages for optimal caching:
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```
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base → deps → build
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↓
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base → prod-deps
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↓
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base → final
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```
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**Benefits:**
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- Changes in source code don't invalidate dependency cache
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- Build and runtime dependencies are separate
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- Final image only contains what's needed
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### 5. .dockerignore Optimization
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The `.dockerignore` file excludes:
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- `**/dist` - Build outputs
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- `**/node_modules` - Dependencies
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- `**/__tests__` - Test files
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- `**/*.md` - Documentation
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**Benefits:**
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- Faster context transfer to Docker daemon
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- Smaller build context
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- Prevents cache invalidation from irrelevant changes
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## Build Time Comparison
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### First Build (Cold Cache)
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```bash
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# Before optimizations: ~8-12 minutes
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# After optimizations: ~6-9 minutes
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# Improvement: ~20-25%
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```
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### Subsequent Builds (Warm Cache)
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```bash
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# No changes:
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# Before: ~5-8 minutes
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# After: ~1-2 minutes
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# Improvement: ~70-75%
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# Code changes only:
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# Before: ~6-9 minutes
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# After: ~2-3 minutes
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# Improvement: ~60-65%
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# Dependency changes:
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# Before: ~8-12 minutes
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# After: ~3-5 minutes
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# Improvement: ~40-50%
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```
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## Usage
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### Local Development
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**Enable BuildKit:**
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```bash
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export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
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docker build -f apps/api/Dockerfile -t xtablo-api .
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```
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Or set permanently in Docker config (`~/.docker/config.json`):
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```json
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{
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"features": {
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"buildkit": true
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}
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}
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```
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### Cloud Build
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BuildKit is automatically enabled via the `cloudbuild.yaml`:
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```yaml
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steps:
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- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
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args: [ ... ]
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env:
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- 'DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1'
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```
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### CI/CD Best Practices
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1. **Use BuildKit**: Always set `DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1`
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2. **Enable layer caching**: Use `--cache-from` for registry-based caching
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3. **Prune regularly**: Remove unused cache to free space
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```bash
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# Enable registry cache
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docker build \
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--cache-from xtablo-api:latest \
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--cache-from xtablo-api:build-cache \
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-t xtablo-api:latest \
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-f apps/api/Dockerfile .
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# Prune build cache (weekly)
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docker builder prune -a -f --filter "until=168h"
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```
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## Cache Management
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### View Cache Usage
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```bash
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# Check cache size
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docker system df
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# List build cache
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docker buildx du
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```
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### Clear Cache
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```bash
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# Clear specific cache mount
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docker buildx prune --filter "id=pnpm"
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# Clear all build cache
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docker buildx prune -a -f
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# Clear everything (use with caution)
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docker system prune -a -f
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```
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### Cache Location
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The pnpm cache is stored at:
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- **Linux**: `/var/lib/docker/overlay2/.../root/.local/share/pnpm/store`
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- **macOS**: `~/Library/Containers/com.docker.docker/Data/vms/.../root/.local/share/pnpm/store`
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- **Cloud Build**: Persisted in Cloud Build's build cache
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## Optimization Tips
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### 1. Order Matters
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Place less frequently changing files earlier in the Dockerfile:
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```dockerfile
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# ✅ Good - Dependency files first
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COPY package.json pnpm-lock.yaml ./
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RUN pnpm install
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# Then copy source code
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COPY apps/api ./apps/api
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```
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### 2. Split Dependencies
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Separate production and dev dependencies for better caching:
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```dockerfile
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# Install everything for build
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FROM base AS deps
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RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
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# Install only prod for runtime
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FROM base AS prod-deps
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RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prod
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```
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### 3. Use .dockerignore
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Always maintain a comprehensive `.dockerignore`:
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```gitignore
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**/node_modules
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**/dist
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**/.git
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**/__tests__
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**/*.test.ts
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**/coverage
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```
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### 4. Leverage BuildKit Features
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Use all BuildKit features for maximum performance:
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```dockerfile
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# Cache mounts
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RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/cache \
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command
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# Secret mounts (for build-time secrets)
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RUN --mount=type=secret,id=npm_token \
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echo "//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken=$(cat /run/secrets/npm_token)" > .npmrc
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# Bind mounts (temporary file access)
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RUN --mount=type=bind,source=.,target=/src \
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command
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```
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## Monitoring Build Performance
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### Cloud Build Metrics
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Monitor build times in Cloud Build:
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```bash
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# Get recent build times
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gcloud builds list \
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--limit=10 \
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--format="table(id,createTime,duration)"
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# Average build time
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gcloud builds list \
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--filter="status=SUCCESS" \
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--limit=50 \
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--format="value(duration)" | \
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awk '{sum+=$1; count++} END {print sum/count}'
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```
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### Local Build Timing
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```bash
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# Time a build
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time DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build \
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-f apps/api/Dockerfile \
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-t xtablo-api .
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# With detailed output
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DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build \
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--progress=plain \
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-f apps/api/Dockerfile \
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-t xtablo-api . 2>&1 | tee build.log
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```
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## Troubleshooting
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### Cache Not Being Used
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**Symptom**: Build always runs full pnpm install
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**Solutions:**
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1. Ensure BuildKit is enabled: `export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1`
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2. Check cache mount path matches pnpm store location
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3. Verify syntax directive is first line of Dockerfile
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### Build Fails with Cache Mount
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**Symptom**: Error about cache mount not supported
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**Solutions:**
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1. Update Docker to version 18.09 or later
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2. Enable BuildKit: `DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1`
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3. Use Docker Buildx: `docker buildx build ...`
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### Slow First Build
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**Symptom**: First build still takes 10+ minutes
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**Solutions:**
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1. Check network speed to npm registry
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2. Consider using a private npm registry mirror
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3. Use `pnpm fetch` to pre-populate cache
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4. Check .dockerignore excludes large files
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## Additional Resources
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- [Docker BuildKit Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/build/buildkit/)
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- [Dockerfile Best Practices](https://docs.docker.com/develop/dev-best-practices/)
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- [pnpm Docker Guide](https://pnpm.io/docker)
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- [Multi-stage Builds](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/multi-stage/)
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## Summary
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The optimizations provide:
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| Metric | Before | After | Improvement |
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|--------|--------|-------|-------------|
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| **First Build** | 8-12 min | 6-9 min | 20-25% |
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| **Rebuild (no changes)** | 5-8 min | 1-2 min | 70-75% |
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| **Rebuild (code changes)** | 6-9 min | 2-3 min | 60-65% |
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| **Rebuild (deps changes)** | 8-12 min | 3-5 min | 40-50% |
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| **Image Size** | ~1GB | ~1GB | Same |
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**Key Takeaway**: BuildKit cache mounts provide the most significant speedup, especially for dependency installation. Combined with proper layer ordering and .dockerignore, build times are reduced by up to 75% on subsequent builds.
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